知远策略与防务沟通所 沐俭/编译在线av 中文
自:好意思国国会沟通处事处图片
【知远导读】本陈诉对好意思国辞寰球各地的军事基地进行了先容,实验包括其国际军事基地所在的国度、地区、常驻好意思军东说念主数、主要兵器装备和基地的主要作用等。著述对好意思国国际军事基地的性质进行了界说,讲述了好意思国保管和使用基地的主义。
陈诉全文约3.6万字,篇幅所限,推送部分为节选。
自第二次寰球大战以来,好意思军一直保抓真贵大的国际基地聚集(即位于好意思国偏激幅员除外的军事要领)。当今,好意思国国防部至少在51个不同国度科罚或使用着至少128个国际基地。政策制定者列举了保管国际基地的多样策略原因,包括:·为好意思国对境外军事突发事件作念出快速响应提供便利;·慑止敌手报复好意思国或好意思国友邦和伙伴国的企图;·向友邦和伙伴国解释好意思国的安全答允。好意思国宽泛与东说念国通过酬酢安排来获取国际驻军权,一般所以双边行政公约的神色。在国防部里面,多样办公室和组织参与国际基地行动的科罚,包括国防部长办公室、战区司令部和各个兵种。好意思国国会对好意思军的国际基地有着进犯的作用,包括为基地行动拨款,通过立法制定某些政策和要求,以及监督行政部门对基地态势和与东说念国安全关连的科罚。因此,国际基地有着一系列问题供国会审议,包括:·国会应该为国际基地行动拨若干款项?·行政部门处理与好意思国基地所在国关连的次第是否顺应国会的优先事项?·当今的国际基地态势是否足以维持策略和战役主义?好意思军国际基地的任务位于好意思国偏激幅员除外的基地宽泛被称为国际基地。1好意思军国际基地实践或维持多样军事职能,包括:·驻守东说念主员和装备。国际基地最基本的功能是为好意思国军东说念主、兵器系统、弹药和物质提供安全空间,从而使好意思国或然在其幅员除外的地区保管和使用军事身手。岂论是在和平时刻照旧战时,基地齐是责任式样,维持从日常办公室到作战飞机腾飞的多样行动;大型要领可能还包括国防部东说念主员偏激家属的住房,以及士气、福利和文娱要领。·域态势感知和区域防患。国际基地不错在探伤、防患和对抗敌手对好意思国偏激友邦/伙伴国部队、要领和幅员的威迫方面推崇积极作用(举例,通过部署雷达要领或陆基导弹遏制阵脚的面貌)。·装备转圜维修。国际基地不错容纳特意的要领、开发和东说念主员,以爱戴转圜、修理和大修好意思国幅员除外的兵器系统和其它国防装备,包括车辆维修要领、飞机维修机库和舟师干船坞。·老师演习。国际基地可能包含老师和演习区域,旨在保管和增强好意思国偏激友邦/伙伴国的战备气象,测试作战打算和作战观点,并展示和晋升互操作性。
好意思军国际军事基地近况从区域和合资的角度来看,六个确认地舆区域来组织的战区司令部(COCOM),为国防部国际基地态势的策略和战役维度提供了监督和战区级指导(见图1)。图片
图1.好意思国地舆战区司令部印太地区就本陈诉而言,印度太平洋地区所对应的是好意思国印太司令部包袱区。2国会沟通处事处笃定了好意思国国防部在该地区所使用的24个永恒基地和20个其它军事阵脚。3罢休2024年3月,省略有8.1万名现役军东说念主始终驻守在印太地区的国际基地,其中驻守在日本(54774东说念主)和韩国(24234东说念主)的现役军东说念主最多。4分拨到印太地区国际基地的好意思军包括陆军和舟师陆战队大地部队(包括驻守在韩国的陆军第2步兵师和驻守在冲绳的舟师陆战队第3远征军);舟师军舰(包括一艘航空母舰、散伙舰、巡洋舰和两栖报复舰,均以日本为基地);以及陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军的飞机(包括旋翼直升机、战争机、电子报复机、轰炸机、运载机、空中加油机和其它飞机,主要驻守在日本原土、冲绳和韩国)5。好意思国在日本的军事存在由驻日好意思军监督,在韩国的军事存在由驻韩好意思军监督。6印太司令部的总部位于夏威夷檀香山田园。7好意思国国防部官员往往将印太地区称为“优先战区”。82022年《国度安全策略》将印太地区刻画为“21世纪地缘政事的中心”,2022年《国防策略》指出,中华东说念主民共和国试图“重塑印太地区”,这是“对好意思国国度安全最平庸、最严重的挑战”的一部分。9除了与中国的策略竞争外,其它中枢肠区安全利益包括威慑和防患来自俄罗斯和朝鲜的潜在威迫。10一些分析东说念主士和政策制定者觉得,在该地区的国际基地是好意思国在潜在大国冲破(极度是波及中国)中遴荐军事步履的要害维持基地。11印太地区亦然好意思国国会建树的一系各国防投资和行动的重心,这些投资和行动被称为“太平洋威慑倡议”。12图片
表1:好意思国在印太地区的国际基地注:“永恒”基地指的是好意思国国防部畅通使用至少15年的军事式样,况且国防部在其中期骗某种进度的作战法例。在关岛和其它好意思国幅员上的基地莫得纳入进来。缩略词:AB=空军基地、CS=通讯站、MCAS=舟师陆战队航空站、MCB= 舟师陆战队基地、MCI=舟师陆战队要领、NAF=舟师航空兵要领、NB=舟师基地、NCS=舟师通讯站、NSF=舟师保险要领、USAG=好意思国陆军军营、USFA=好意思国舰队要领。
欧洲就本陈诉而言,与欧洲对应的是好意思国欧洲司令部(EUCOM)包袱区。国会沟通处事处笃定了国防部在该地区所使用的31个永恒基地和19个其它军事阵脚。13罢休2024年3月,省略有67200名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒分拨到欧洲的国际基地,其中部署东说念主数最多的轮番是德国(35068东说念主)、意大利(12375东说念主)和英国(10058东说念主)。14罢休2024年6月,欧洲还少见千限脱落的军东说念主在瓜代部署或实践其它临时任务中。白宫在致国会带领东说念主的一封信中暗示,“省略有8万名好意思国武装部队东说念主员被分拨或部署到欧洲的北约国度,包括那些用来安抚好意思国的盟友、慑止俄罗斯进一步侵扰的部队部署”。15被派往欧洲国际基地的好意思军包括陆军大地部队;舟师战船(包括散伙舰和一艘两栖蛊惑舰,驻守在西班牙和意大利);以及陆军、舟师和空军的飞机(包括旋翼直升机、战争机、电子报复机、轰炸机、运载机、空中加油机和其它飞机)。好意思国欧洲司令部总部设在德国斯图加特,尽管这三个兵种齐在其它地点设有总部分部。16四肢对俄罗斯2022年入侵乌克兰的陈诉,好意思国在欧洲的军事存在有所增多。举例,在2022年6月,好意思国国防部的一份新闻稿宣称,自从俄罗斯入侵以来,国防部照旧“向欧洲增派了2万多东说念主的部队,以搪塞乌克兰危急,增多了脱落的空中、陆地、海上、聚集和天外身手”。17在此次增兵之前,好意思国陆军在欧洲部署有三个旅战争队;但自从俄罗斯入侵以后,好意思国国防部晓谕将永恒部署一个军部前沿司令部、一个警备司令部、一个野战支援营、两个F-35战争机中队、一个防空炮兵旅总部、一个近程防空营、一个战争保险支援营总部和一个工兵旅总部。18好意思国在欧洲的基地与北约的行动和主义雅致结合在一说念。很多好意思国基地齐驻有北约组织并履行与北约商酌的职能,本陈诉所涵盖的每个欧洲东说念国齐是北约成员国(科索沃和塞浦路斯除外)。19确认欧洲司令部司令的说法,俄罗斯是该地区的核快慰全问题,组成了“在可预思的畴昔挑战好意思国和欧洲利益的可怕和弗成瞻望的威迫”。20欧洲亦然好意思国一系列防务投资和行动的重心,这些投资和行动被称为“欧洲威慑倡议(EDI)”。21
附录A.按国度折柳的好意思国国际基地附录提供了好意思国在各个国度的国际基地的更审视信息,其中,附录B提供了本陈诉所波及的通盘国际基地的全面清单。
印太地区好意思国在印太地区的国际基地是确认好意思国与该地区国度政府之间的双边行政公约以及国会批准的《摆脱合资契约》(就马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚和帕劳而言)建立和科罚的。大多量常驻该地区的好意思国军东说念主齐驻守在日本和韩国的永恒基地。在曩昔的15年里,好意思国国防部在澳大利亚、菲律宾和其它所在也建立了瓜代基地安排。澳大利亚每年4-10月技艺,好意思国在澳大利亚皇家空军达尔文基地和罗伯逊军营部署有达尔文舟师陆战队瓜代部队,并在澳大利亚皇家空军廷达尔基地和其它澳大利亚军事式样驻有瓜代部署战争机。从本世纪20年代中后期启动,好意思国“弗吉尼亚”级潜艇将在珀斯隔邻瓜代部署。22此外,好意思国和澳大利亚共同运营哈罗德·E.霍尔特舟师通讯站和松峡合资防患基地。23确认国防东说念主力数据中心(DMDC)的数据,罢休2024年3月,省略有732名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒部署到澳大利亚(这一数字不包括临时值勤或瓜代的军东说念主)。24英属印度洋幅员(迪戈加西亚)好意思国在英属印度洋幅员(宽泛称为迪戈加西亚)领有迪戈加西亚舟师保险要领(NSF),这是英国的国际属地。25迪戈加西亚舟师基地为波斯湾和印度洋偏激周围的部队提供后勤维持,并驻有一个海上预置中队,以及来自好意思国舰队和工业支援中心、空中天真司令部、太平洋空军、第21和第22天外作战中队的分遣队。26确认国防东说念主力数据中心的数据,罢休2024年3月,省略有223名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒部署到迪戈加西亚。27日本好意思国在日本有陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军大型基地,包括座间兵营、横须贺舟师基地、岩国舟师陆战队航空站、横田空军基地和三泽空军基地。28这些基地用于驻守和支援多样陆军大地部队、舟师舰艇(包括航空母舰、散伙舰、巡洋舰和两栖报复舰)、陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军飞机(包括战争机、电子报复机、蛊惑和法例、倾转旋翼机、空中加油机和运载机)。好意思国国防部还利用日本的国防基础要领来探伤和遏制导弹威迫,转圜维修水面战船和潜艇,并开展老师和演习。29日本冲绳县位于日本四个主要岛屿西南约400英里处,驻守着好意思国陆军、舟师陆战队和空军基地,包括好意思国陆军冲绳兵营、舟师陆战队巴特勒兵营和嘉手纳空军基地。这些基地用于驻守和支援舟师陆战队大地部队(包括舟师陆战队第3远征军,这是舟师陆战队最大的国际作战部队)和舟师陆战队以及空军的战争机、倾转旋翼、旋翼、运载机和空中加油飞机。好意思国国防部还利用冲绳开展针对森林环境的老师和演习,并储存燃料。30好意思国国防部在冲绳的要领是离台湾地区和南海最近的好意思军基地,这两个地区范围内齐有可能与中国发生冲破。确认好意思国和日本之间的双边公约,国防部已答允从2024年启动将省略9000名舟师陆战队员从冲绳振荡到关岛(以及日本除外的其它据点)。31确认国防东说念主力数据中心的数据,罢休2024年3月,省略有54774名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒派驻日本。32韩国韩国领有好意思国陆军、舟师、舟师陆战队和空军的基地,包括汉弗莱基地、镇海舟师要领、木柱兵营舟师陆战队要领、乌山空军基地等。这些基地用于驻守和支援好意思国陆军部队(包括第2步兵师/韩好意思合资师)和空军战争机、窥乘机和报复机。确认2004年好意思韩公约,好意思军的要领主要联结在两个“要害”区:第一个基地以平泽市为中心,包括汉弗莱基地和乌山空军基地;第二个基地以大邱为中心,包括好意思国陆军大邱军营、镇海舟师要领、舟师陆战队要领木柱兵营。33好意思国和韩国队列通过共同法例其在该国的“韩好意思合资部队司令部”,使其成为一个支持的、两个国度的“作战总部”。34好意思国在韩国的军事部署主若是为了威慑和抗拒朝鲜潜在的威迫。确认国防东说念主力数据中心的府上,罢休2024年3月,省略有24234名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒部署到韩国。35马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚和帕劳(摆脱联友邦)好意思国在马绍尔群岛的夸贾林环礁设有陆军基地(何处有罗纳德·里根弹说念导弹防患考试场),当今正在帕劳建造一个雷达站。36好意思国在“摆脱联友邦”的军事存在受《摆脱合资协定》(compact of Free Association)管制,该协定在好意思国和每个摆脱联友邦政府之间建立了独到的政事关连。37确认公约条件,好意思国有包袱保卫摆脱联友邦,以及领有在摆脱联友邦幅员内的驻军和基地使用权。确认国防东说念主力数据中心的府上,到2024年3月,省略101名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒部署到摆脱联友邦。38菲律宾确认2014年《好意思菲加强防务勾通公约》(EDCA)的条件,好意思国当今不错使用菲律宾的9个军事基地。39确认该公约,好意思国有权“确认两边的决定瓜代使用这些基地”;好意思国队列不错进行的授权行动包括“安全勾通演习;合资老师行动;东说念主说念主义支持和救灾行动;以偏激它约定的行动”。40确认国防东说念主力数据中心的府上,罢休2024年3月,省略有310名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒派往菲律宾。41新加坡好意思国在“新加坡舟师地区中心”(Navy Region Center Singapore)保抓着小边界的永恒存在,以谐和对来访的水面战船的后勤维持,并进行濒海战争舰和P-8海上查察飞机的抓续瓜代部署。42好意思军不错使用的要领包括樟宜舟师基地和森巴旺造船坞,而巴耶利峇空军基地不错轮替驻守好意思国军东说念主和飞机。43在新加坡的基地是确认一系列行政公约进行科罚的。44确认国防东说念主力数据中心的府上,罢休2024年3月,省略有229名好意思国现役军东说念主被永恒部署到新加坡。45其它印太地区基地除了上述据点外,好意思国国防部还不错使用该地区的一些其它基地。举例,在人人反恐干戈技艺,好意思军轮替使用了一些泰国军事基地(如乌塔保泰国皇家舟师空军基地)。2023年,好意思国国防部与巴布亚新几内亚签署了一项公约,允许好意思军使用该国的六个机场和海港。46好意思国舟师舰艇还依期探望印太地区的很多口岸。47图片
【1】For the purposes of this report, an overseas base is defined as any U.S. base located in the territory of a foreign country, irrespective of its geographical proximity to the United States. Thus, a base located in the Bahamas meets this definition, while one located in Guam does not. Some scholars have also used the term sovereign basing to describe the practice of maintaining extraterritorial military facilities in peacetime. See, for example, Sebastian Schmidt, Armed Guests: Territorial Sovereignty and Foreign Military Basing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).
【2】The state of Hawaii and the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are also located within the INDOPACOM AOR, but U.S. bases in those areas are excluded from the scope of this report (see “Methodology” section above). For a discussion of alternative definitions of the region, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, p. 1.
【3】Refer to Appendix B of this report for a comprehensive list of the persistent bases and other military sites identified in this report.
【4】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【5】Refer to the Indo-Pacific section of Appendix A for more information. See also “Posture: Overview Briefing,” USINDOPACOM, January 2024, on file with the authors.
【6】U.S. Forces Japan, “About U.S. Forces Japan,” https://www.usfj.mil/About-USFJ/; and U.S. Forces Korea, “About U.S. Forces Korea,” https://www.usfk.mil/About/USFK/.
【7】USINDOPACOM在线av 中文, “About USINDOPACOM,” https://www.pacom.mil/About-USINDOPACOM/.
【8】See, for instance, Jim Garamone, “Defense Official Says Indo-Pacific is the Priority Theater,” DOD News, March 9, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2961183/defense-official-says-indo-pacific-is-the priority-theater-china-is-dods-pacing/.
恶女教师【9】The White House, National Security Strategy, October 2022, p. 37, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/ 2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf; and DOD, National Defense Strategy, October 2022, p. 4, 2003103845/-1/-1/1/2022-national-defense-strategy-npr-mdr.pdf.
【10】See, for example, the 2024 statement of INDOPACOM Commander Admiral John Aquilino before the House Armed Services Committee. Admiral John C. Aquilino, “2024 INDOPACOM Statement for the Record,” https://www.congress.gov/118/meeting/house/116960/witnesses/HHRG-118-AS00-Wstate-AquilinoJ-20240320.pdf. For more information on the strategic implications of great power competition, see CRS Report R43838, Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense—Issues for Congress, by Ronald O'Rourke.
【11】For more information, see discussion in CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 4-7.
【12】For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12303, The Pacific Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview.
【13】Refer to the Appendix B of this report for a comprehensive list of the persistent bases and other military sites identified in this report.
【14】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【15】Aside from Kosovo and Cyprus, every European country in which DOD maintains overseas bases is a NATO member. The White House, “Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President pro tempore of the Senate regarding the War Powers Report,” June 7, 2024, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential actions/2024/06/07/letter-to-the-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-and-president-pro-tempore-of-the-senate-war powers-report/.
【16】U.S. Army Europe and Africa is headquartered at U.S. Army Garrison Wiesbaden, U.S. Air Forces in Europe and Air Forces Africa is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, and U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa is headquartered at Naval Support Activity Naples. DOD, “U.S. European Command Headquarters,” https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/ Photos/igphoto/2003028524/. See also EUCOM, “History,” https://www.eucom.mil/about/history.
【17】DOD, “Fact Sheet - U.S. Defense Contributions to Europe,” June 29, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/ Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/. In April 2022, EUCOM claimed the region hosted “just shy of 20,000 deployed service personnel who are not normally stationed in Europe,” including two division headquarters, and five brigade combat teams. “House Armed Services Committee Holds Hearing on National Security Challenges in Europe”, 118th Cong., April 26, 2023.
【18】DOD, “Fact Sheet - U.S. Defense Contributions to Europe,” June 29, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/ Release/Article/3078056/fact-sheet-us-defense-contributions-to-europe/.
【19】NATO, “About Us,” https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/.
【20】U.S. Congress, House Committee on Armed Services, Statement of General Christopher Cavoli, United States Army, U.S. European Command, 118th Cong., 1st sess., April 26, 2023, p. 3.
【21】See CRS In Focus IF10946, The European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview for more information.
【22】The White House, “Fact Sheet: Trilateral Australia-UK-US Partnership on Nuclear-Powered Submarines,” March 13, 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/13/fact-sheet-trilateral-australia-uk us-partnership-on-nuclear-powered-submarines/.
【23】Because these facilities perform sensitive intelligence, communications, and related functions, official sources make scant mention of them. For recent press reporting on these sites, see Matthew Knott, “'Seriously Disturbed’: MPs Alarmed by Disrepair at Secretive Military Facility,” The Sydney Morning Herald, September 14, 2023, https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/time-to-move-on-from-afghanistan-war-crimes-parliamentary-committee 20230914-p5e4k6.html; and Alex Barwick, “In Alice Springs Everyone has an Opinion on the Pine Gap Spy Base, but No-One wants to Talk about What Happens Inside,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, May 15, 2024, https://www.abc.net.au/news/backstory/2024-05-16/backstory-expanse-podcast-spies-in-the-outback-pine-gap-barwick/ 103844652.
【24】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【25】The U.S. presence at Diego Garcia dates to the late 1960s and is managed through a bilateral agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom. For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 16-17 and 43-44.
【26】“About Diego Garcia,” Commander, Navy Region Japan, https://cnrj.cnic.navy.mil/Installations/NSF-DiegoGarcia/ About/About-Diego-Garcia/.
【27】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【28】The U.S. military presence in Japan dates to the end of World War II. U.S. bases in Japan played major logistical roles during the Korean and Vietnam Wars and formed an important element of America’s Cold War strategy in Asia. For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 48-49.
【29】同上。pp. 39-41.
【30】同上。p. 41.
【31】Irene Loewenson, “Marines Start Moving From Japan to New Base on Guam,” Marine Corps Times, December 29, 2023, https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2023/12/29/new-in-2024-marines-start-moving from-japan-to-new-base-on-guam/. See also CRS In Focus IF10672, U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa and Realignment to Guam.
【32】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【33】For more information, see CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 41-42 and 50. See also Terence Roehrig, “South Korea: An Alliance in Transition,” in Lord and Erickson (ed.) Rebalancing U.S. Forces, pp.74-75.
【34】“Mission of the ROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command,” U.S. Forces Korea, https://www.usfk.mil/About/CFC/.
【35】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【36】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, p. 39.
【37】CRS In Focus IF12194, The Compacts of Free Association.
【38】“Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” DMDC, March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【39】Between 1898 and 1946, the Philippines was a U.S. territory. The U.S. military maintained significant bases in the Philippines, which played roles during World War II and the Vietnam War. The last persistent U.S. base in the country closed in 1991. See CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 47-50. “Philippines, U.S. Announce Four New EDCA Sites,” DOD, February 1, 2023, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3285566/philippines-usannounce-four-new-edca-sites/.
【40】“Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines on Enhanced Defense Cooperation,” signed April 28, 2014, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/02/14-625-Philippines-Defense-Cooperation.pdf.
【41】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【42】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress , p. 43; and “U.S. Security Cooperation with Singapore,” U.S. Department of State, April 12, 2023, https://www.state.gov/u-s security-cooperation-with-singapore/.
【43】CRS Report R47589, U.S. Defense Infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific: Background and Issues for Congress, pp. 16 and 43.
【44】These include the 2019 U.S.-Singapore 2019 Amended MOU, the 2015 U.S.-Singapore EDCA, and the 2005 U.S Singapore Strategic Framework Agreement. “Fact Sheet: 2019 Protocol of Amendment to the 1990 Memorandum of Understanding,” Singapore Ministry of Defense, September 24在线av 中文, 2019, https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/ news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/September/24sep19_fs; “Strategic Framework Agreement,” U.S. Department of State, 2005, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/05-712-Singapore-Defense Cooperation.EnglishOCR.pdf; and “Carter, Singapore Defense Minister Sign Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement,” DOD News, December 7, 2015, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/633243/ carter-singapore-defense-minister-sign-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/.
【45】Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” March 2024, available for download at https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports.
【46】Jim Garamone, “U.S., Thai Defense Leaders Look to Future in Indo-Pacific,” Department of Defense, May 13, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3030852/us-thai-defense-leaders-look-to-future-in indo-pacific/. “U.S.-Papua New Guinea Agreement on Defense Cooperation,” Annex A, signed May 22, 2023, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/63374-Papua-New-Guinea-Defense-08.16.2023.pdf.
【47】“CNO: Port visits expanding across Asia-Pacific,” Navy Times, September 24, 2014, https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2014/09/24/cno-port-visits-expanding-across-asia-pacific/.
(平台裁剪:黄潇潇) 本站仅提供存储处事,通盘实验均由用户发布,如发现存害或侵权实验,请点击举报。